The plan should identify how the software team intends to ensure quality. Describe how you intend to accommodate change. Even the best planning can be obviated by uncontrolled change. Track the plan frequently and make adjustments as required. Software projects fall behind schedule one These slides are day at designed a time. The information domain of a problem must be represented and understood.
The functions that the software performs must be defined. The behavior of the software as a consequence of external events must be represented. The models that depict information, function, and behavior must be partitioned in a manner that uncovers detail in a layered or hierarchical fashion. The analysis task should move from essential information toward implementation detail.
Design should be traceable to the requirements model. Always consider the architecture of the system to be built. Design of data is as important as design of processing functions.
User interface design should be tuned to the needs of the end-user. However, in every case, it should stress ease of use. Component-level design should be functionally independent. Components should be loosely coupled to one another and to the external environment. Design representations models should be easily understandable. The design should be developed iteratively. With each iteration, the designer should strive for greater simplicity. The primary goal of the software team is to build software, not create models.
Strive to produce the simplest model that will describe the problem or the software. Build models in a way that makes them amenable to change. Be able to state an explicit purpose for each model that is created. Adapt the models you develop to the system at hand. Try to build useful models, but forget about building perfect models. If it communicates content successfully, representation is secondary. Get feedback as soon as you can. All tests should be traceable to customer requirements.
Tests should be planned long before testing begins. The Pareto principle applies to software testing. Exhaustive testing is not possible. Customer expectations for the software must be managed. Too often, the customer expects more than the team has promised to deliver, and disappointment occurs immediately.
A complete delivery package should be assembled and tested. A support regime must be established before the software is delivered. An end-user expects responsiveness and accurate information when a question or problem arises.
Appropriate instructional materials must be provided to end-users. Buggy software should be fixed first, delivered later. Make lists of functions, classes. Make lists of constraints, etc. Elic it requirements yes no. Use QFD to informally define actors prioritize prioritize requirements requirements. Create Use-cases complete template. Accesses system sensors via Internet.
Responds to alarm event. Encounters an error condition. Intent: Describes what the pattern accomplishes or represents Motivation: A scenario that illustrates how the pattern can be used to address the problem.
Forces and context: A description of external issues forces that can affect how the pattern is used and also the external issues that will be resolved when the pattern is applied.
Solution: A description of how the pattern is applied to solve the problem with an emphasis on structural and behavioral issues.
Design: Discusses how the analysis pattern can be achieved through the use of known design patterns. Known uses: Examples of uses within actual systems. Related patterns: On e or more analysis patterns that are related to the named pattern because 1 it is commonly used with the named pattern; 2 it is structurally similar to the named pattern; 3 it is a variation of the named pattern. That is, do some requirements provide a level of technical detail that is inappropriate at this stage?
That is, is a source generally, a specific individual noted for each requirement? Have all patterns been properly validated? Are all patterns consistent with customer requirements? The level of abstraction should be relatively high.
Donald Firesmith. Access camera surveillance via the cameras Internet. Configure SafeHome system parameters. Allows the modeler to represent the flow of enter password. The potential class will be useful during analysis only if information about it must be remembered so that the system can function.
The potential class must have a set of identifiable operations that can change the value of its attributes in some way. During requirement analysis, the focus should be on "major" information; a class with a single attribute may, in fact, be useful during design, but is probably better represented as an attribute of another class during the analysis activity.
A set of attributes can be defined for the potential class and these attributes apply to all instances of the class. A set of operations can be defined for the potential class and these operations apply to all instances of the class.
External entities that appear in the problem space and produce or consume information essential to the operation of any solution for the system will almost always be defined as classes in the requirements model. The cards are divided into three sections. Along the top of the card you write the name of the class. In the body of the card you list the class responsibilities on the left and the collaborators on the right.
A minus sign indicates that an element is hidden from all other packages and a symbol indicates that an element is accessible only to packages contained within a given package. All copyright information MUST appear if these slides are posted on a website for student These slides use. Data must always originate somewhere and must always be sent to something. Examples: compute taxes, determine area, format report, display graph.
Data must always be processed in some way to achieve system function. Data flows through a system, beginning as input and transformed into output.
Slides copyright by. Figure 8. The full spectrum of content to be provided by the WebApp is identified, including text, graphics and images, video, and audio data. Data modeling can be used to identify and describe each of the data objects. Interaction Analysis. The manner in which the user interacts with the WebApp is described in detail. Use-cases can be developed to provide detailed descriptions of this interaction.
Functional Analysis. The usage scenarios use- cases created as part of interaction analysis define the operations that will be applied to WebApp content and imply other processing functions. All operations and functions are described in detail. Configuration Analysis. When Do We Perform Analysis? Photograph partNumber.
TechDescription partName. Video description. Figure What is the priority for presentation? The architecture is not the operational software. Rather, it is a representation that enables a software engineer to: 1 analyze the effectiveness of the design in meeting its stated requirements, 2 consider architectural alternatives at a stage when making design changes is still relatively easy, and 3 reduce the risks associated with the construction of the software.
Each style would have a structure that can be described using a set of predictable patterns. SafeHome Executive. Function selection. External Communication Management. Security Surveillance Home management. Control detector alarm panel management processing processing. GUI Internet Interface. Keypad processing phone scheduler communication. CP display funct ions alarm. Collect scenarios. Elicit requirements, constraints, and environment description.
Evaluate quality attributes by considered each attribute in isolation. Identify the sensitivity of quality attributes to various architectural attributes for a specific architectural style. Critique candidate architectures developed in step 3 using the sensitivity analysis conducted in step 5. Program Architecture. This edition of SEPA does not cover transaction mapping. PrintJ ob. Do not depend on concretions. Identify all design classes that correspond to the problem domain.
Identify all design classes that correspond to the infrastructure domain. Elaborate all design classes that are not acquired as reusable components. Specify message details when classes or component collaborate. Identify appropriate interfaces for each component.
Elaborate attributes and define data types and data structures required to implement them. Describe processing flow within each operation in detail. Describe persistent data sources databases and files and identify the classes required to manage them. Develop and elaborate behavioral representations for a class or component. Elaborate deployment diagrams to provide additional implementation detail.
Factor every component-level design representation and always consider alternatives. PrintJ ob initiateJ ob. Define the domain to be investigated. Categorize the items extracted from the domain. Collect a representative sample of applications in the domain. Analyze each application in the sample. Develop an analysis model for the objects. Requests are made via an IDL or dynamically at run time.
Provide for flexible interaction. Allow user interaction to be interruptible and undoable. Streamline interaction as skill levels advance and allow the interaction to be customized. Hide technical internals from the casual user. Design for direct interaction with objects that appear on the screen. Establish meaningful defaults. Define shortcuts that are intuitive. The visual layout of the interface should be based on a real world metaphor. Disclose information in a progressive fashion.
Maintain consistency across a family of applications. If past interactive models have created user expectations, do not make changes unless there is a compelling reason to do so. Software These slides are designed to accompanyFigure Engineering: A Model this behavior. The interface must facilitate navigation. Users quickly see the breadth of their options, grasp how to achieve their goals, and do their work.
Work is carefully and continuously saved, with full option for the user to undo any activity at any time. List of user objectives graphic, logo, and company name objective 1 objective 2 objective 3 objective 4. Interface design is complete. The best patterns generate a solution to a problem indirectly--a necessary approach for the most difficult problems of design.
All software serves human comfort or quality of life; the best patterns explicitly appeal to aesthetics and utility.
Be sure you understand the big picture—the context in which the software to be built resides. The requirements model should communicate this to you. Examining the big picture, extract the patterns that are present at that level of abstraction.
Repeat steps 1 to 4 until the complete design is fleshed out. Close enough? How do you know? Interface design. Network structure Hierarchical structure. In general, between 4 and 7 categories are listed. But that's self-contradictory. But some things are better than others, that is, they have more quality. But when you try to say what the quality is, apart from the things that have it, it all goes poof! There's nothing to talk about. But if you can't say what Quality is, how do you know what it is, or how do you know that it even exists?
If no one knows what it is, then for all practical purposes it doesn't exist at all. But for all practical purposes it really does exist. What else are the grades based on? Why else would people pay fortunes for some things and throw others in the trash pile? Obviously some things are better than others. So round and round you go, spinning mental wheels and nowhere finding anyplace to get traction.
What the hell is Quality? What is it? If a product meets those goals, it exhibits quality. If the product conforms to the spec, it exhibits quality.
In reality, quality encompasses all of these views and more. Does the software deliver all content, functions, and features that are specified as part of the requirements model in a way that provides value to the end-user? Does the software provide features that surprise and delight first-time end-users? Does the software deliver all features and capability without failure? Is it available when it is needed? Does it deliver functionality that is error free? Does the software conform to local and external software standards that are relevant to the application?
Does it conform to de facto design and coding conventions? For example, does the user interface conform to accepted design rules for menu selection or data input? Can the software be maintained changed or corrected debugged without the inadvertent generation of unintended side effects? Will changes cause the error rate or reliability to degrade with time? Can the software be maintained changed or corrected debugged in an acceptably short time period.
Can support staff acquire all information they need to make changes or correct defects? In some situations, you have a set of prejudices that will influence your perception of quality. After all, if a company has a large marketing budget and can convince enough people to buy version 1.
It better be right. In the months that followed, five of these patients died from radiation poisoning and 15 others developed serious complications. What caused this tragedy? A software package, developed by a U. You must think about security, reliability, availability, dependability—at the beginning, in the design, architecture, test, and coding phases, all through the software life cycle [process].
Even people aware of the software security problem have focused on late life- cycle stuff. The earlier you find the software problem, the better. And there are two kinds of software problems. One is bugs, which are implementation problems. The other is software flaws—architectural problems in the design.
People pay too much attention to bugs and not enough on flaws. Therefore, you can estimate that the average effort to find and correct a requirements error during review is about 6 person-hours. Record the number of faults, fi found within ai.
The problem is what they think they do know. Under certain conditions, of course. Even though they wouldn't want to explain it. After all, we do get along somehow. If only they would take the time to do things right. The correctness, completeness, and consistency of the requirements model will have a strong influence on the quality of all work products that follow. Every element of the design model should be assessed by the software team to ensure that it exhibits high quality and that the design itself conforms to requirements.
Source code and related work products e. A software team should apply limited resources in a way that has the highest likelihood of achieving a high quality result. Slides ensure that by future work does Roger Pressman.
By doing this, many errors will be eliminated before testing commences. Integration test Validation test. Slides copyright by for the testing process. Module boundary conditions independent paths error handling paths. Worker modules are grouped into builds and integrated D E.
Revisit the CRC model and the object-relationship model. Invert the connection to ensure that each collaborator that is asked for service is receiving requests from a reasonable source. Using the inverted connections examined in step 3, determine whether other classes might be required or whether responsibilities are properly grouped among the classes.
Tilting her head far enough forward so that the rim of her bonnet obscured her face, she walked rapidly eastward until the homes of the wealthy gave way to poorer dwellings.
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